Αρχική Λήψη μέτρων εφαρμογής του Κανονισμού (ΕΕ) 2019/452 για τη θέσπιση πλαισίου ελέγχου άμεσων ξένων επενδύσεων στην Ένωση για λόγους ασφάλειας ή δημόσιας τάξηςΠΑΡΑΡΤΗΜΑΣχόλιο του χρήστη ioannis kokkoris | 9 Απριλίου 2025, 14:59
  • Σχόλιο του χρήστη 'ioannis kokkoris' | 9 Απριλίου 2025, 14:59

    Παραθέτω παρακάτω τους τομείς της οικονομίας που επικεντρώνονται τα Κράτη Μέλη της ΕΕ μετά από ενδελεχή έρευνα που έχω κάνει στο χώρο αυτόν (https://global.oup.com/academic/product/merger-control-national-security-and-foreign-direct-investment-screening-9780198837343?cc=gr&lang=en&). Οι περισσότερες χώρες έχουν αρκετά μεγάλη λίστα με τομείς της οικονομίας (μεγαλύτερη από αυτή στο υπάρχον σχέδιο νόμου Τομείς όπως ΜΜΕ, ιδιοκτησία γης σε ευαίσθητες γεωγραφικά περιοχές και άλλοι τομείς να πρέπει να είναι στο νόμο. EU Regulation 1. Scope of Investments Covered: The EU FDI Screening Regulation encourages member states to focus on investments that may impact security or public order. Specifically, it highlights critical sectors, including: • Critical infrastructure (e.g., energy, water, transport, communications, data storage) • Critical technologies (e.g., AI, robotics, semiconductors, cybersecurity) • Supply of critical inputs (e.g., energy, raw materials, food security) • Access to sensitive information, including personal data • Media (due to its influence on public opinion) Austria Particularly sensitive sectors include defence goods and technologies; operation of critical energy infrastructure; and operation of critical digital infrastructure, in particular 5G infrastructure, water, research and development in regard to medicinal products, vaccines, medical devices and personal protective equipment. Normal sensitive sectors include critical infrastructure, including information technology, health, data processing and storage; critical technologies and dual-use goods, including artificial intelligence, robotics, semiconductors, security of supply of critical resources, including energy supply and food supply; and access to and the ability to control sensitive information, including personal data. Belgium Covered sectors: • Critical infrastructure (energy, transport, water, health, media, communications, data storage, aerospace, defence, electoral/financial infrastructure). • Strategic technologies & raw materials (defence, AI, semiconductors, robotics, cybersecurity, quantum/nuclear tech, nanotech, dual-use items). • Critical supply chains (energy, raw materials, food security). • Access to sensitive data (Belgium’s defence, strategic interests, personal data). • Private security (protection of people and assets). • Media freedom and pluralism (news outlets, broadcasting, newspapers). Bulgaria FDI subject to screening must: • Have potential effects in areas covered by Article 4, para. 1 of EU Regulation 2019/452: critical infrastructure, critical technologies, supply of critical inputs, access to sensitive information, and freedom and pluralism of the media. Croatia N/A Cyprus N/A Czech Republic Czech Republic FDI Screening Focus: • Critical Infrastructure: Energy, transport, water, medical, data storage, defence. • Strategic Technologies: AI, robotics, semiconductors, cybersecurity, aerospace, quantum, nuclear, biotech. • Essential Supplies: Energy, raw materials, food security. • Sensitive Information: Personal data, media influence, critical IT systems. • State Security Assets: Non-military sites vital for national security. Denmark Danish FDI filing obligations apply to: • Foreign direct investments in Danish entities operating in particularly sensitive sectors, including: - Defence - IT security and classified information processing - Production of dual-use items - Critical technology - Critical infrastructure • Filing is mandatory if a foreign investor acquires at least 10% of shares or equivalent control in such entities. • This applies to all foreign investors, including those from the EU and EFTA. Estonia Covered Sectors/Target Companies involve: • Providers of vital services, including electricity, natural gas, liquid fuel, road operability, telecommunication services, data transmission, digital identification and signing, payment services, cash circulation, district heating, water supply, and sewerage. • Companies with state-qualified holdings. • Specific companies in the media and telecommunications sectors. • Certain infrastructure companies. • Companies involved in the production, supply, or technical services for military and dual-use goods. Finland • Defence Industry: Produces or supplies defence materials or dual-use items. • Security Industry: Supplies critical products or services to Finnish authorities (e.g., Defence Forces, Border Guard, Police, Customs). France Sensitive Activities for French FDI Control: • Activities impacting national defence, public authority, or public safety (e.g., military goods, dual-use technologies, cryptology, communication interception). • Essential infrastructure, goods, or services for public safety and order (e.g., water, energy, transport, public health). • R&D in dual-use goods or “critical technologies.” Germany Sensitive Activities (27 listed): Critical infrastructure, military items, high-tech goods, pharmaceuticals, raw materials, agriculture, media. Particularly Sensitive Activities (4 listed): Includes critical military, intelligence, and advanced technology sectors. Greece N/A Hungary • Strategic sectors in FDI Act include defence, finance, energy, water, and critical telecom services. • Alternative FDI Regime expands to sectors like manufacturing, chemicals, food, health, waste, transport, and more if involving critical infrastructure. Ireland • The transaction is not an internal re-organization. • It involves critical sectors like infrastructure, technology, inputs, sensitive information, or media freedom. Italy Critical sectors: National security and defence, 5G technology, energy, transportation, communication, water distribution, electoral services, health, finance (credit and insurance), AI, robotics, semiconductors, cybersecurity, nanotechnologies, biotechnologies, non-military space/aerospace, food, dual-use items, and audio-visual media services. Latvia The law provides no general obligation to notify foreign direct investments in Latvia. Sectoral rules in specific circumstances will trigger notification obligations or block such investments regarding companies of significance to national security, critical infrastructure and agricultural land acquisition, and gambling. Agricultural Land: Exemptions for acquisitions if: • Land area ≤10 hectares (natural persons) or ≤5 hectares (legal persons). • Land acquired through insolvency proceedings. Gambling Companies: • Foreign ownership capped at 49% (except for investors from EU, EEA, and OECD). • No review procedures for this prohibition. Lithuania Lithuania requires FDI screening for sectors critical to national security. Screening applies to investments in: • Strategically important companies (state-controlled, state-majority-owned, or privately owned). • Assets or areas vital to security (e.g., airports, railways, data networks, LNG terminals). Screening covers five key economic sectors: 1. Energy 2. Transport 3. IT, telecoms, and high-tech 4. Finance and credit 5. Military equipment Government defines 52 specific activities within these sectors for case-by-case assessment. Luxembourg Critical Sectors (12): Dual-use goods, energy, transport, water, health, communications, data storage, aerospace, defence, finance, media, agribusiness. Related Activities: • Research and production tied to critical sectors. • Activities granting access to sensitive information or premises related to critical sectors. Malta Applies to investments by foreign investors aiming for lasting links or control in Malta. 1. Critical Infrastructure: Energy, transport, water, health, media, data, defence, financial, electoral infrastructure, sensitive facilities, and related real estate. 2. Critical Technologies: AI, robotics, semiconductors, cybersecurity, aerospace, nuclear, biotech, nanotech, etc. 3. Critical Inputs: Energy, raw materials, food security. 4. Sensitive Information: Access/control of personal data. 5. Media: Freedom and pluralism. Netherlands Sector-Specific Screening: 1. Telecommunications: Applies to providers of networks, hosting, internet nodes, and data centres; triggered by ≥30% voting rights, board control, or special rights. 2. Gas & Electricity: Notification required for changes in control of electricity plants (≥250 MW) or LNG plants; control defined by the Competition Act. 3. Mining: Dutch state entitled to 40% of mining concession proceeds; permits assessed under the Mining Act. Exemptions: • Vifo complements sector-specific mechanisms and applies where these do not. • Telecommunications sector excludes asset purchases. Poland Covered Sectors: • Energy (electricity, gas, oil, fuel production, transmission, storage). • Chemicals, fertilizers, explosives, arms, military/police technology. • Ports (sea and inland), telecommunications, rhenium production, metal ores. • Medical equipment, pharmaceuticals, food processing (meat, milk, cereals, fruits). • Heat production/distribution. • Additional Coverage: • Entities owning critical infrastructure. • Listed entities. • Developers of specialized software (e.g., power plants, hospital systems). Portugal Scope of Portuguese FDI Law: Government reviews transactions granting control over strategic assets. Strategic assets include key infrastructure/assets related to defence, national security, or essential services in energy, transport, or communications. Romania Relevant Sectors: • Security (individuals, communities, frontiers, energy, transport, IT&C, financial systems, weapons, and critical infrastructure). • Protection (against disasters, agriculture, environment, and state-owned company privatization). Slovakia FDI Act Classification: • Critical Foreign Investments (CFI): Involves sectors like firearms, military technology, dual-use items, biotechnology, critical infrastructure, digital services, and large content-sharing platforms (€2M+ turnover). Slovenia Triggering Activities: 1. Critical Infrastructure: Energy, transport, water, health, communications, media, data, defence, aerospace, financial, voting infrastructure, and related real estate. 2. Critical Technologies: AI, robotics, semiconductors, cybersecurity, aerospace, nuclear, biotech, and pharma. 3. Critical Resources: Energy, raw materials, food security, medical/protective equipment. 4. Sensitive Information: Access/control over personal data. 5. Media: Freedom and pluralism. 6. EU Projects/Programs: Defined under Regulation (EU) 2019/452 Annex I. Spain Covers investments in critical infrastructures, critical and dual-use technologies, supply of fundamental inputs, and with access to sensitive information and the media. Sweden Sensitive Sectors: 1. Essential services. 2. Protective security activities. 3. Critical raw materials and minerals. 4. Sensitive personal or geolocational data. 5. Dual-use products. 6. Military equipment. 7. Strategic or emerging technology.